Design-and-Implementation-of-a-High-Efficiency-On-Board-Battery-Charger-for-Electric-Vehicles-with-F

Design and Implementation of a High-Efficiency On-Board Battery Charger for Electric Vehicles with Frequency Control StrategyJong-Soo Kim, Gyu-Yeong Choe, Hye-Man Jung, Byoung-Kuk Lee Ination and Communication Engineering SungKyunKwan University Suwon, Korea sniper75skku.edu, lovesagajiskku.edu, jungicarusskku.edu, bkleeskkuskku.edu Young-Jin Cho, Kyu-Bum Han EVT Group, R FCEV; low frequency current ripple; fuel cell; driving condtion I. INTRODUCTION Some of major cities in the world such as Paris, London, Seoul and California, ulates a policy and encourages popularizing an eco-friendly vehicle, typically Electric Vehicles EVs and Plug-In Hybrid EVs PHEVs. In order to speed up its commercial launching in the market, it is necessary to obtain a high-efficiency battery and its charger technology, which is the key power source of the vehicles. Among of various batteries, Nickel Metal Hydride Ni-MH, Lithium-Ion Li-Ion and Li-Polymer batteries are mostly being used to have better energy density, efficiency, safety and cost, and the batteries perances are improving. For the battery charger, two different types of charger are considered, that is, a high speed battery charger with large-capacity 50 kW and a on-board battery charger 3.3 kW that can be used in house electricity. Especially, an on-board battery charger has to be small and light in order to maximize energy efficiency and the distance covered per charging 1. Therefore, a high frequency switching technique is required to reduce size of passive components, and to minimize switching losses caused by the high frequency switching, a various zero-voltage-switching ZVS, zero-current-switching ZCS technology by using resonant characteristic, such as series-loaded, parallel-loaded, series and parallel-loaded, resonant-switch and etc., are usually considered 2,3. The battery charging algorithm point of view, various researches are pered to have better battery charging algorithm, for instance, Constant Voltage CV, Constant Current CC, CC-CV, power control and pulse injection and so on, considering lifecycle, safety and efficiency of the batteries 4,5. In this paper, among of various resonant dc-dc converters, a series-loaded resonant full-bridge dc-dc converter that has benefit in charging for a Li-Ion of 20 Ah for EVs is adopted, and its design and implementation are described in details. In addition, a CC-CV dual-mode battery charging algorithm, which is optimized for Li-Ion battery, is realized by frequency control by using resonant characteristic. The developed 3.3 kW on-board battery charger achieves 93 of the maximum efficiency and a Power Factor Correction PFC composed by a single-phase rectifier bridge and boost converter reaches up to 0.995 of power factor. II. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND CONTROL STRATEGY A. System configuration and basic theory In order to obtain the small, light and high efficiency 3.3 kW on-board battery charger, series-loaded resonant dc-dc converter with full-bridge type is adopted. Entire system consists of EMI filter, diode rectifier, PFC and series-loaded resonant dc-dc converter with full-bridge as shown in Fig.1. The maximum power of charger reaches up to 3.3kW and this can be considered as a huge load similar with power restrictions of household in case of Korea. Therefore, a power factor of current has to be compensated according to IEC1000-3-4 Class A regulation because the current generates a huge harmonics when a simple diode rectifier is used. A boost converter is adopted in PFC in order to improve power factor of current and to have regulation of output voltage. There are several ways to design PFC such as Boundary mode, Peak current control, DCM, CCM, and etc. In this paper, the Continuous Current Mode CCM is used which allows a smaller design in size by reducing filter dependency and relatively low rms value of current.Fig. 2. Control block diagram of PFC. A control scheme for PFC with CCM is depicted in Fig. 2. A current reference is generated multiplying a voltage controller of outer-loop by an absolute value of voltage shape. An inner-loop current controller generates pwm reference though comparing current reference and feedback value of inductor current. For a dc-dc converter, to reduce the size of 3.3 kW on-board charger intended for use in EVs, it is desirable to increase the operating frequency to reduce the size of passive components. For a consideration, to reduce an additional switching loss due to the increased switching frequency, we adopt a series-loaded resonant dc-dc converter. This converter has a series topological structure that consists of resonant inductor and capacitor, and load resistor. Fig. 3 shows an ac equivalent circuit and a resonant characteristic of the resonant converter 6,7. a Equivalent circuit of series-loaded resonant dc-dc converter b Gain characteristics according to Q-factor and switching frequency Fig. 3. AC equivalent circuit for series-loaded resonant dc-dc converter. An in-out gain of a series-loaded resonant dc-dc converter can be expressed by using the equation for a voltage divider between Z1and Z2. acCacLinoutRXRXjVV111 where, 2/8 LacRR . And, Q-factor is LrrRCLQ/ 2 Therefore, final converter gain being given by 002811QjVVinout3 where, rrCL/10 As in eq. 3, the output voltage of the converter varies according to switching frequency and load condition. Thus, in case of battery charger application, we can achieve the desired output current and voltage through frequency control even though equivalent resistance of a battery is changed according to charging status. B. Frequency control scheme For charging algorithm, dual-modes charging strategy with a combination of CC and CV as shown in Fig. 4a to obtain more efficient Li-Ion battery charging is applied. A charging current reference I*batt is generated by voltage control of outer-loop, and inner-loop current controller controls charging current as shown in Fig. 4b. When state-of-charge SOC of Li-Ion battery is low, the I*battis increased and operate in CC mode above a preset limiter value. When SOC is increasing, the I*battis decreased and the control algorithm changes to CV mode once the I*battgoes below Fig. 1. System configuration comprised of PFC and series-loaded resonant dc-dc converter of the developed 3.3kW battery charger. than the preset limiter value. The final PWM is a fixed-duty and variable frequency, and a switching frequency command is generated by output of the current controller. A determination of charging mode depends on battery management system BMS and characteristic curve of Li-Ion battery. III. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTAION OF BATTERY CHARGER In this section, design and implementation of the developed 3.3 kW on-board battery charger are described in details. The first step for the system design, a resonant frequency of series-loaded resonant dc-dc converter is designed to fr71.6 kHz Lr75 uH, Cr 66 nF by considering the size and switching losses of passive complements. In this condition, resonant characteristic is shown as Fig. 5a. A controller is designed to per an optimal frequency tracking control between fsw80-130 kHz to have 250-410 V of output voltage that fits in Li-Ion battery characteristic. An output current and voltage is controlled by the proposed charging algorithm in accordance with switching frequency causing change of valid output energy density as shown in Fig. 5b. The detail system parameters are listed in table I. TABLE I SYSTEM PARAMETERS Parameters Value Unit Rated Power 3.3 kW Voltage 100-277 /-10 Vrms Output Voltage 250-410 /-2V Vdc Resonant L C 150 uH 33 nF PCB Dimension 228x338 mm Output Current 10 /-10 A Ripple Voltage 25 Vpp Ripple Current 10 from InominalSwitching Frequency 80-130 kHz Entire System Volume 5.84 L a Gain characteristic according to frequency and operation region. b Leg voltage and resonant current according to switching frequency. Fig. 5. Resonant characteristic curve and typical wave. A. Design of active componnents A voltage rating of diode and MOSFET has to be designed considering the peak value across anode-cathode voltage of the diode and drain-source voltage of the MOSFET at turn-off. Moreover, if the blocking voltage of the power semiconductor switches gets over the reverse bias safety operation area RBSOA, the switches are totally destroyed by thermal runaway due to avalanche effect. The RBSOA is reduced by stray inductance of a PCB patter or a connection wire as well as internal stray inductance of the switches. Thus, the voltage margin should be considered. However, too much margin brings out increase of conduction loss due to a gain in VF, Vcesat, RDSon, etc. Consequently, diode and MOSFET 600 V class of are selected as follows dtdiLVkVstspprated4 where, ppV is peak value, tsL is total stray inductance, and k is safety factor. A current rating of power semiconductor switches has to be designed to be not over generally 125 of junction temperature even overload or abnormal conditions. Thus, an accurate calculation or simulation of power dissipation considering thermal management system inevitably needs to a Battery charging strategy according to SOC with frequency control. b Optimal frequency tracking scheme Fig. 4. Control scheme for battery charging. find junction temperature of the switches. The power dissipation of a MOSFET being given by fwCosscondswTOTPPPPP 5 Switching loss is given by dttVtIdttVtIfPDSttDDSttDswswoffononoff 6 where, rondonttt and, foffdoffttt Conduction loss can be expressed by onDSonDcondDRIP2 7 The loss due to parasitic output capacitance is 22swinossCossfVCP 8 And body diode loss during freewheeling mode can derive as follows offFfwfwDVIP 9 Based on calculation results of power dissipation, MOSFETs of 90 A and 50 A classes are selected for PFC and dc-dc converter, respectively, considering low RDSon, Eon, Eoff, and Coss. A gate driver has to provide a current capability for fast turn-on and turn-off of a MOSFET. Thus, we design a gate driver of 4 Apeakcurrent capability from gate charge of MOSFET and applied gate-source voltage. In addition, a gate resistor is selected considering optimal point between switching loss and transient characteristic. The peak current and average current of a drive IC are as follows ggspeakgRVI ,10 swgavggfQI ,11 where, gsV is gate-source voltage and gR is gate resistance. B. Design of magnetics A core for PFC is used High Flux core, which has soft saturation and good thermal characteristics, because of wide variation of inductor current compare with a resonant dc-dc converter. The core used for PFC inductor has cross section area of 0.678 cm2, nominal inductance of 56 nH/N2, and permeability of 125 . A core for series-loaded resonant dc-dc converter is adopted a Ferrite core of PQ5050 type, which has good frequency characteristic, high saturation flux density, constant dc bias characteristic, and high permeability, taking into account a stability of frequency control. A high frequency transer is designed with a Ferrite core of EE7066 type, and its turn ratio is 1926 considering in-out specification. An area product for selection of the core is 1.11242010431.131.14cmBfkPfBkkkPAAtintputinEW 12 where, /oinPP 1/,,rmspdcintIIk topology factor 4.0/wwuAAk window utilization factor 41.0/wppAAk primary area factor 165.0putkkkk tf is transer operating frequency Especially, in case of a Feritte core, it has minimal core loss at about 90 of core temperature. To obtain high efficiency, optimal design and thermal management were thus pered. Polypropylene capacitor with metal-foil electrodes has good characteristic for high frequency, so that we select it for resonant capacitor. C. Design of themal management system The design target of a thermal management system is also maintaining below 125 of the junction temperature for the power semiconductor devices. The power dissipation of a power semiconductor is electrically equivalent to a current source. Fig. 6 indicates an equivalent thermal model for one MOSFET consisting of one switch and one body diode 8. The maximum junction temperatures of MOSFET and body diode at continuous operation are given by MOSFETthjhthhaambMOSFETvjPRPRTT,13 FWDthjhthhaambFWDvjPRPRTT,14 Fig. 6. equivalent thermal model. RectifierPFC MOSFETDc-dc MOSFETDc-dc DiodeHFTRPFC DiodeTamb 25a Simulation result for thermal distribution of the heatsink. Fan operating pointsb Operating characteristic of fan and air fluid analysis. Fig. 7. Simulation and analysis results for thermal characteristics of heatsink. The simulation result of thermal distribution of the heatsink and analysis result of air fluid with a fan are pered using IcePack of thermal design program, and these are shown in Figs. 7a and b. As results of a calculation and a simulation of power dissipation, a MOSFET for PFC having serious loss is placed the nearest fan, which has an abundant air fluid. The highest temperature on the heatsink is about 64.5 under 25 of ambient temperature. Considering 60 of ambient temperature, the junction temperature of the MOSFET for PFC is limited to under 125. D. Design of digital controller A digital controller of DSP 320F28335 from TI is used for entire system control and charging current control. The main clock of the DSP is set with 150MHz, so that we can get a frequency control resolution of 69.3 Hz / step. And a battery has extremely low dynamics. Therefore, we can control the charging voltage and current using digital controller without the help of any analog circuit. E. Hardware realization A 3D mechanical design was pered for an accurate hardware design. To realize more small and effective radiation of heat, heatsink and case are designed with all-in-one. Figs. 8a and b show the mechanical 3D drawing and the realized battery charger. IV. EXPERIMENT RESULT The perance test of the developed battery charger was carried out with an ac power supply of 6 kW and an electronic load of 3.6 kW. The measurement of the efficiency, power factor, voltage and current was used power analyzer WT3000, and temperature was measured by MV2000. The entire experiment setup is shown in Fig. 9. Top Sink Cooling FanBase SinkPower Board Control Boarda 3D design of 3.3kW on-board battery charger for EVs . Pre-Charging Circuit E M I F ilte rPFC Controller In terfaceH eatsink FanPFCHigh Frequency Trans erResonant TankD SP Core and In